The Wellcome Library’s Top 10 Open Images

CURATOR’S CHOICE #11: CATHERINE DRAYCOTT FROM THE WELLCOME LIBARY

Catherine Draycott, head of Wellcome Images, gives a run down of the Top 10 most downloaded images from the collection of more than 100,000 that the Wellcome Library made available under an open license earlier this year.

On 20th January this year, over 100,000 images from the historical holdings of the world-renowned Wellcome Library were made freely available through the Wellcome Images website. They were released under the Creative Commons-Attribution only (CC-BY 4.0) licence and they can be downloaded directly from the Wellcome Images website for any personal or commercial use.

We introduced this radical change to promote usage and access to the Wellcome Library’s amazing resources. The Library is one of the world’s leading libraries of medical history and the human condition. It offers a rich body of historical images, the earliest of which is a 3000 year old Egyptian prescription on papyrus. Treasures include exquisite medieval illuminated manuscripts and anatomical drawings, ranging from delicate 16th century anatomical ‘fugitive sheets’ – literally, ‘flying sheets’ whose hinged paper flaps lift to reveal the layers of muscles and internal organs – to the most popular image to date; Paolo Mascagni’s vibrantly coloured etching of an ‘exploded’ torso.

Together the collection amounts to a dizzying and sometimes disturbing visual record of centuries of human culture, and our attempts to understand our bodies, minds and health through art and observation. We hope that the change will mean that this extraordinary collection, with all its variety and its many surprises, will be used by many more people and organisations in their books, magazines and films as well as for individual interest and research. The Wellcome Trust is already a leader in the field of open access and we want to make sure these images of the treasures in our collection, which have all been photographed with great care and skill over the years, can be used and enjoyed by anyone without restriction. We ask that Wellcome Library be credited for the images so that researchers and users are aware of the provenance and of the location of the original material in the photographs.

Since the release at the beginning of 2014, almost 65,000 high resolution images have been downloaded. Here is a run down of the top ten most downloaded images so far, showing the variety and range of the collection.

1. Paolo Mascagni’s Exploded Torso

 

Paolo Mascagni’s fabulously detailed, hand-coloured engraving Viscera from his Anatomia Universa, a comprehensive work of anatomy with forty-four hand coloured plates. The book was published in Pisa between 1823 and 1831, after Mascagni’s death in 1815. Mascagni was the Prosector of Anatomy at the University of Siena, responsible for leading dissection for demonstration and research. He died in 1815 of Malaria which was common in Italy at the time.

2. The Horoscope of Prince Iskandar

 

Coming a close second is the beautiful Persian horoscope created by hand in lapis lazuli and gold leaf for Prince Iskandar who was named after Alexander the Great and was the grandson of Tamerlane, the Turkman Mongol conqueror. The horoscope shows the positions of the stars and planets in the sky at the moment of Iskandar’s birth on 25th April 1384. He died in 1415, only 4 years after the horoscope was made. The manuscript is an exquisite work of art and an exemplary production of the royal kitabkhana ‘publishing house’ or ‘workshop’. Created in 1411, it is lavishly illustrated, not only on this beautiful fly leaf. It includes the work of astronomers (among them Imad ad-Din Mahmud al-Kashi), illuminators, gilders, calligraphers and craftsmen, as well as specialists in paper-making. The manuscript was bought in Iran in 1794 by John H. Harrington, who had started his career as a clerk in the East India Company. It was bought by Sir Henry Wellcome in 1932 at Sotheby’s for £6/15d only a few years before his death in 1936 at the age of 82.

3. A Head of Writhing Nudes

The third image is an oil painting by Filippo Balbi, Testa anatomica (anatomical head), which shows a man’s head in profile composed of writhing male nude figures. Painted in 1854, it was exhibited at the Universal Exhibition in Paris in 1855.

4.& 5. Venus Bathing

Changing the mood completely, the next two images are delicately hand-coloured, gently humorous etchings of ‘Venus’s bathing’ by Thomas Rowlandson. Created in around 1800, they show a naked woman diving into the sea from a bathing machine; ‘A fashionable dip’ and swimming ‘Side Way or any Way’ at Margate with figures looking on from the white cliffs in the distance.

6. D’Agoty’s Écorché of a Woman’s Back

On a more anatomical note, the next image, a mezzotint of a female écorché torso revealing the muscles of the back, shows the extraordinary talent of Jacques-Fabien Gautier d’Agoty who made this print after observing a dissection carried out by J. F. Duverney, a Parisian surgeon and anatomist. Mezzotint was a new technique developed by Jacob Christoph le Blon for whom d’Agoty worked as an assistant and to whose 3 colour process d’Agoty added black. The result has a velvety finish with the subtlety of a pastel drawing and the depth of an oil painting. The print is approximately life-size, (measuring 60.6cm x 45.6 cm) as are many of the other works by the same artist held by the Wellcome Library.

7. The Ripening of Karma

Returning to Asia, this image is from a Sanskrit manuscript thought to be from around 1469. This manuscript is from the genre of karmavipāka, meaning “the ripening of karma”. It begins with a salutation to the sage Dhanvantari, the traditional author of the original works on Ayurveda, one of the world’s oldest medical systems. It explains the karmic relationship with a given disaster or disease; listing various sinful acts together with a brief statement of the consequences that follow. For example; killing a cow will cause the killer to go to hell and having sex with a priest’s wife, the wife of another, a widow, or a prostitute, may lead to diseases such as ring-leprosy, bloody bile, or excessive urination.

8. Materia Medica from Tibet

The next image shows two leaves from a beautiful and fascinating Tibetan manuscript detailing traditional medicines. A manuscript such as this would often have been carried by a Tibetan doctor to refer to while treating patients. Its name is Sman bla’i dgongs rgyan rgud bzhi’i nang gi ‘khrungs dpe re zhig ‘A Selection of Substances used for the Production of Medicine based on the Teaching of the four medical Tantras’. It has illustrations of all the materia medica, plants or animal, described and is composed of unbound, thick paper sheets, held together by two wooden boards and wrapped in cloth.

9. Wound Man

This figure, from a 15th century English anatomical manuscript, is an example of a ‘wound man’. Figures like these can be found in a number of manuscripts and printed books produced in the 15th and 16th centuries. This particular version is folio 53 verso from Anathomia by Claudius (Pseudo) Galen. It is captioned in Latin and the words do not provide any directions for treatment but merely describe the injury: for example, ‘penetration by a sword’ or ‘an arrow whose point has remained in the thigh’. The weapons are shown as they pierce the body and here, the positions of the man’s internal organs are indicated. The exact purpose of the wound man image is not known, but it might have served as a reminder of the injuries to which the human body is prone. These typically range from blows to the head, to stab wounds and arrow piercings, sometimes even showing dogs or snakes biting the legs.

10. A Chinese Manchu archer

The final image is a photograph of a Chinese Manchu archer in action, taken in 1874 in China by Scotsman John Thomson published in his book Illustrations of China and its people : a series of two hundred photographs, with letterpress descriptive of the places and people represented. Published in London in 1874, this photograph is from volume 4, plate 17 image number 44.

These and many thousands more high resolution images have been free now since 20th January 2014 and, since then, over 65,000 high resolution images have been downloaded. Take a look at wellcomeimages.org to discover more treasures. New images are added every week as we photograph more from the Library’s collections.

 

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Catherine Draycott has been Head of Wellcome Images since 1992. She was a Director of the British Association of Picture Libraries and Agencies from 1997 to 2011 and was its Chairman from 2000 to 2007. She is responsible for the management and development of Wellcome Images’ collection which spans the history of medicine and civilisation from antiquity to the present day with over 180,000 images available online. In 2008 she was awarded the Royal Photographic Society’s Combined Royal Colleges Medal for contribution to the use of images in medicine.

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This post is part of our Curator’s Choice series, a monthly feature consisting of a guest article from a curator about a work or group of works in one of their “open” digital collections. Learn more here.

See this post in all its full page width glory over at The Public Domain Review.

 

The OpenGLAM working group would like to add that, although we very much appreciate collections being made available under an open license such as CC-BY, we also value the principle of keeping digital representations of works for which copyright has expired (public domain) in the public domain by not adding new rights to them following digitisation. We understand that this is a difficult matter, which has been discussed quite extensively on our mailing list and elsewhere recently. That is why we are organising a workshop at OKFestival entitled ‘Maintaining a healthy and thriving Public Domain – exploring the notion of originality and copyright when digitising analogue works‘. We invite everyone to join in our discussion, so that we can come to a common approach on how to deal with this topic in the future.